Deze scriptie gaat over ecotoerisme in het Amazone gebied, Brazilië. Lees meer.
Susanna Magdalena Cornelia Neleman
O ecoturismo na Amazônia Brasileira vê-se amiúde como panacéia que combina a
conservação da natureza com o desenvolvimento e tem um impacto baixo à flora,
fauna e comunidade local e que tanto nacional-, como internacionalmente supre
vantagens socioeconômicos e socioculturais. No entanto, pode-se considerar o
ecoturismo como panacéia ou cavalo de Tróia?
Na primeira parte desta tese discutir-se-ão as diferentes tendências no
ecoturismo, bem como os critérios ligados a estas. Em seguida falar-se-á sobre, entre
outras, as etiquetas ecológicas e a certificação como soluções prováveis para os
problemas de sustentabilidade encontrados no ecoturismo. Além disso, considerar-seá
a vinculação entre o ecoturismo e o turismo convencional de massa. Também se
tratarão as diferentes dimensões sociais que o ecoturismo pode ter no nível nacional,
estatal e municipal. Finalmente, se introduz o ator central desta tese, a comunidade
local e os diferentes níveis de participação e empoderamento/ desempoderamento que
podem acontecer no ecoturismo.
Na segunda parte dar-se-á atenção aos diferentes dimensões sociais do
ecoturismo na Amazônia Brasileira e que influi a comunidade local em específico.
Isso porque são o grupo mais frágil dos atores e por isso a dimensão social poderia
ser mais nociva. Tratar-se-ão os obstáculos e o desenvolvimento do ecoturismo na
Amazônia Brasileira, especificamente nos Estados Pará e Amazonas, visto que são os
núcleos mais receptivos de ecoturismo desta região.
Na conclusão tentar-se-á responder a questão clave desta tese: Qual é a
atitude dos diversos setores da sociedade frente ao ecoturismo na Amazônia
Brasileira; Como é desenvolvido, promovido e recebido por estes setores o
ecoturismo; Esta atividade deve ser considerada panacéia ou cavalo de Tróia
quando se analisa a dimensão sócio-econômica e social-cultural do ecoturismo nesta
região?
Tessa Hebinck
De Schotse filosoof en historicus Adam Ferguson, de grondlegger van de moderne invulling van het begrip civil society, stelde in zijn invloedrijke werk An essay on the history of civil society (1767) dat burgers toebehoren aan de maatschappij
Binnen deze scriptie zullen de Latijns-Amerikaanse buurlanden Chili en Argentinië centraal staan. Zij kennen wat betreft hun landsgeschiedenissen diverse overeenkomsten, bijvoorbeeld de hevige repressie en de vele verdwenen burgers tijdens de militaire dictatuur. In Chili vond er tussen 1973 en 1990 een militaire repressie plaats onder leiding van Augusto Pinochet. De zogenoemde Vuile Oorlog in Argentinië werd tussen 1976 en 1983 gevoerd door Jorge Videla, Roberto Viola en Leopoldo Galtieri. Maar er zijn ook essentiële verschillen tussen de beide landen aan te wijzen, zoals de democratische traditie die Chili kende tegenover de militaire historie van Argentinië. In dit onderzoek zal de mate van ontwikkeling van een civil society in deze beide landen worden onderzocht in de periode voor, tijdens en na de militaire dictatuur.
By Cato Oosterwijk
This report examines how Brazilian journalists portray Rio de Janeiro’s children that work as soldados in the drug trade in their newspaper articles. It also examines the role these portrayals play in the program of a large Brazilian NGO based in Rio de Janeiro, called: Soldiers Never More. This program tries to give soldados, those working heavily armed in the drug trade, an opportunity to leave and provides them with alternative jobs.
By Maria Luz Gutiérrez
Female transnational migration of Dominican single and divorced mothers from a matrifocal background is understood through this research to be a livelihood strategy, in order to fulfil their role as breadwinners and caregivers. This transnational migration creates a transnational household where in the household of origin a reorganisation of tasks takes place. Based on the nature of these transnational households, responsibilities of the migrants are passed on to the other female household members, usually to the mother and/or sister. This leads to the creation of new ways of upbringing and caring for the children of the migrants, and as a result of the physical separation involved the role of transnational motherhood is established. In this realm of migration female kin social networks play a crucial role in maintaining the transnational household, which is facilitated by means of regular communication between the family and the migrants.
These networks are also crucial for the entire process of migrating, covering emotional, practical and financial support, together with the transmission of knowledge from one country to another. The main goal of these female mother migrants travelling to the Netherlands is the wellbeing of their children. For that reason remittances play an important role in the life of the families of the household in the place of origin, and of the migrants themselves in the host country. Ultimately remittances is the cause for
some women of my research to enter the sex sector in the Netherlands, in order to be able to send money home to cover basic needs, such as food, schooling, bills and medicines.
“Something interesting is rising”
The Collectivities and Citizenships of Young Adults in a Peripheral District of Lima, Peru
by Anna Plyushteva
The image we hold of the young person living in a deprived urban area is often a sweeping one: a powerless victim of discrimination; a powerful gang member; a big talent in an unfortunate place; a rags-to-riches success story. However, as cities are now home to over half of the world’s population, they are becoming larger, younger and increasingly segregated, and the need to truly get to know the next generation of urban dwellers is increasingly pressing.
So-called urban “slums” have gained growing attention from social scientists, urban planners and policy makers worldwide, because of the range and intensity of deprivations concentrated in them, and the sheer number of people who find themselves living in these “informal” urban areas. For the region of Latin America and the Caribbean, where this research project took place, UN-HABITAT found in 2005 that 27% of all urban residents lived in “slums”
This study is based on three months of fieldwork in Pampas de San Juan, a peripheral area of Lima, Peru’s ever-changing and bewildering capital city. The study represents an attempt to get to know the young people growing up in one “disadvantaged” urban area, through exploring their opinions, priorities and actions as members of Peruvian society. The study is motivated by a goal to understand how conditions of deprivation and spatial and social segregation are conceptualised by those who are alleged to be living in them – and what do such conceptualisation imply for the study of social policy, development and urban living. The aim is to move away from familiar generalisations about urban youth from low-income areas, such as those about their political apathy, worship of branded goods and international pop music, criminality, and denial of anything that preceded them.
‘From Protection to Rejection?’
Colombian Refugees in Costa Rica; policy, practice and consequences
By Natascha Korvinus
In November 2004 various Latin American countries gathered together in Mexico City, using
the twentieth anniversary of the so called Cartagena Declaration on Refugees as an
opportunity to reaffirm and discuss the topic of refugee protection in their region. Although the total number of refugees in the region has been in decline and is relatively small compared to refugee numbers in some African and Middle Eastern countries , refugee protection is still a subject of great importance in Latin America. Moreover, the total number of refugees in the region may be in decline, the
internal situation in one specific country still causes a significant flow of asylum-seekers and
refugees that deserved attention: Colombia. During the 1990s the ongoing internal conflict
between guerrillas and paramilitary groups intensified severely and in the years that followed
approximately 500 thousand Colombians have moved out of the country in seek of security
While trying to escape from the violence in their country, many Colombians crossed international borders and applied for asylum in neighboring countries like Ecuador, Panama and Venezuela, or even further away; to Costa Rica. Those who were not willing, or unable, to cross any borders have tried to find security in other areas inside the country, resulting in Colombia currently having one of the
largest populations of internally displaced persons in the world.
Between Trust and Fear
Mothers Creating Spaces of Security amid
Violence in Vila Cruzeiro, Rio de Janeiro
Sara Koenders
Informed by the insights that social relations are actively reconstituted and that
people attend to their routine tasks and develop ways to ‘go on’ in the face of violence,
the widespread stereotyping of the urban ‘poor’ and the popular neglect of the
problematique of women living in favela communities I pose the question: How do
mothers living in the favela community Vila Cruzeiro create spaces of security through
(re)arranging their social relations, as they attempt to protect and provide for their
children in a context of high-risk and violence?
De Chileense voorzieningszekerheid en energiediplomatie
Een duurzame ontworsteling van de grillige Southern Cone energiesector
Fredy I. Sierra Fernandez
De Amerikaanse neo-realist Robert Kagan betoogde in zijn recente pamflet ‘De terugkeer van de
geschiedenis’ dat het democratisch liberalisme in deze eeuw meer en meer getest zal worden door een
terugkeer van het nationalisme. Hij doelt er daarmee op dat het belang van geopolitiek en
bilateralisme, zoals eerder in de geschiedenis is gezien, weer de boventoon zal voeren. In deze scriptie is betoogt dat in de Southern Cone (SoCo)2, voor wat betreft energie, het nationalisme nooit echt weg is geweest. Tegenwoordig is wereldwijd een toename van staatsinvloed in grondstoffenmarkten waar te nemen (grondstofnationalisme), ook in de Southern Cone. Binnen een strategische sector, zoals
energiegrondstoffen, is er altijd een bepaalde mate van staatsinvloed. Aangezien energiegrondstoffen
geografisch ongelijk verdeeld zijn kan afzetzekerheid en voorzieningszekerheid ervan in de kern van
buitenlands beleid komen te staan. De opkomst van economisch nationalisme kan ervoor zorgen dat
een consumerend land aan geld niet meer genoeg heeft om haar energievoorzieningszekerheid te
voldoen. Een andere, aanvullende strategie (energiediplomatie) is dan gewenst.
Chili heeft sinds enkele jaren problemen met de energievoorzieningszekerheid. Er zijn genoeg
energiegrondstoffen nabij, zowel qua reserves als productie. Sociaal-politieke ontwikkelingen in de
vorige eeuw hebben echter de toegang, productie en de verhandeling van energiegrondstoffen
bemoeilijkt.
Bovenal is het de vraag in hoeverre Chili haar liberale strategieën ten behoeve van
energievoorzieningszekerheid in de Southern Cone kan blijven handhaven als grondstofnationalisme
daar belangrijker wordt.
The Politics of Trade and Intellectual Property Rights in Developing Countries
A critical case study of Peru and Ecuador in negotiation with the European Union
Barbara Jantien van Paassen
Trade negotiations the European Union is undertaking do not make the news in Europe. As we can see from the news headlines and pictures on the first page of this thesis, this is different for their counterparts, in this case the Andean countries. Negotiation partners often include developing countries where trade processes are highly important and contentious. The debate taking place there is not only one between those who believe in ‘free trade’ and those who do not. Frequently it is related to divergent ideas on specific, sensitive, and non-trade, issues. One such contentious non-trade issue is the strengthening of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), the focus of this research in context of the trade negotiations between the EU and the Andean countries that started in 2007.
